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Cracking OS X Lion Passwords

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UPDATE [2011-10-15]: The issues described in this post have now been resolved by Apple. Users running OS X Lion 10.7.2 or security update 2011-006 are no longer affected by the vulnerabilities detailed below (CVE-2011-3435 and CVE-2011-3436). For further details on this security update please see Apple's advisory . In 2009 I posted an article on Cracking Mac OS X passwords . Whilst this post has been quite popular, it was written for OS X 10.6 and prior. Since the release of Mac OS X Lion (10.7) in July, I have received numerous requests for an update. Typically, I would have just updated the existing article without the need for a new post. However, during my research I discovered something interesting about OS X Lion that I'd like to share. In previous versions of OS X (10.6, 10.5, 10.4) the process to extract user password hashes has been the same: obtain the user's GeneratedUID and then use that ID to extract hashes from a specific user's shadow file (See my pr...
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Cracking Mac OS X Passwords

In this post I will demonstrate how to both extract and crack Mac OS X passwords. The OS X variants that this tutorial is aimed at are 10.4 (Tiger), 10.5 (Leopard) and 10.6 (Snow Leopard). Whilst Mac OS X is based on a Unix variant (BSD), there are several key differences between traditional Unix-based and Mac OS systems when it comes to password storage. Lets take a quick look at some of the differences. If you have ever poked around on an OS X system, you may have noticed the absence of the /etc/shadow file. Whilst traditional Unix and BSD variants store their password hashes in /etc/shadow and /etc/master.passwd respectively, Mac OS X does not. Since the release of OS X 10.3 in 2003, Macintosh products have stored their shadow files in the /var/db/shadow/hash/ directory. Another key difference is the way in which the two systems store their hashes. On a Unix-based system, every hash associated with the system is stored in the /etc/shadow file. This differs from OS X whereby each ...
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Attacking LM/NTLMv1 Challenge/Response Authentication

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In Part 1 of the “LM/NTLMv1 Challenge/Response Authentication” series I discussed how both the LANMAN/NTLMv1 protocols operate and the weaknesses that plague these protocols. In this post I will demonstrate how attackers leverage these weaknesses to exploit the LANMAN/NTLMv1 protocols in order to compromise user credentials. For the remainder of this article I will be focusing on attacking the SMB protocol (Windows file sharing) as this is where LANMAN/NTLMv1 is most commonly used. Capturing the Response In order to capture a client’s LANMAN/NTLMv1 response, attackers will often utilise one of two methods: Force the client host to connect to them Conduct a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and “sniff” the client’s response To demonstrate these methods, I will be using the Metasploit Framework or Cain and Abel respectively. Metasploit In order for a client host to connect to us, we first need to create a listening SMB service that will accept incoming connections. Fo...
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